• The Start of the New Year According to the National Calendars of the Tajiks

  Review Article

  

  Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 2

  Author:

  Dilshod K. Rakhimi

  Work direction:

  Ethnography, Ethnology and Anthropology

  Abstract:

  The article is devoted to the issues of the traditional calendar of the Tajik people. The purpose of the article is to consider the traditional ways of determining the onset of seasons and months among mountain Tajiks based on the use of the method of theoretical analysis. It was revealed that the main ways to determine the onset of the new year were: calculation according to the Iranian solar calendar (the entry of the sun into the constellation Aries); calendar «the sun in man» (the arrival of the sun in the sign of the «heart»); observing the appearance of stars in a certain place; reaching the shade from the sun peaks, rocks and stones; sunrise or sunset behind the sign (behind peaks, rocks, cracks); the appearance of sunlight through cracks (windows, cracks, stones with holes); phenological or behavioral observations of animals, as well as the growth of spring plants and flowers (wagtails, storks, swallows, partridges, cats, beetles). In conclusion, it is concluded that in the past, in different mountainous regions, the Tajiks had their own calendars and calendars based on observations of the cycle of the Sun and Moon, planets and stars; on the perception of natural and man-made features – for example, the fall of shadows on objects at certain points, the migration of animals and birds, and the behavior of animals. Experience and observations were passed down from generation to generation, some natural patterns were discovered and various calendars were compiled. However, along with the introduction of the lunar and solar calendars, and later the Gregorian calendar, vernacular calendars survived until the mid-twentieth century, and some of them even survive to this day.

  Keywords:

  Tajiks, spring equinox, Navruz, folk calendars, omens

  Go 

• The Destiny of “Tradition” in the Modern World: A Comparative Analysis of the Concepts of E. Hobsbawm and S. Eisenstadt

  Review Article

  

  Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 2

  Author:

  Yulia S. Obidina

  Work direction:

  Ethnography, Ethnology and Anthropology

  Abstract:

  The conflicting assessments of the nature and role of traditions in the modern world stem in part from differences in the use of the term; the specific phenomena that are the focus of each perspective differ in some important respects. This opens up the possibility that seemingly contradictory conclusions about the role of traditions in contemporary societies can be reconciled. The article discusses the role and influence of traditions for the analysis of the modern socio-cultural situation from the point of view of two approaches: the concept of invented tradition by Eric Hobsbawm and the concept of multiple modernities by Shmuel Eisenstadt. The purpose of the article is to give a comparative analysis of the two approaches to tradition, showing that modernity is not a culturally neutral, universal socio-cultural product, but is formed under the influence of many traditions. Based on the method of comparative analysis, it was revealed that the concept of multiple modernities by Shmuel Eisenstadt, as well as the concept of invented tradition by Eric Hobsbawm, contradict the view of the classical theory of modernization on modernity as a break with tradition. At the same time, the meaning that Eisenstadt attaches to tradition differs markedly from that proposed by E. Hobsbawm. It is concluded that from the point of view of the theory of multiple modernities, the invention of new traditions in modernity is better understood as a process of transformation, and that the reconstruction of a tradition is not the same as invention. In both cases, both for the transformation and reconstruction of the tradition, the sociocultural context is important.

  Keywords:

  invented tradition, the concept of multiple modernities, civilizational analysis, cultural turn, Hobsbaum, Eisenstadt, Arnason

  Go 

• National Autonomies of the Peoples of Central Asia in the Volga Region: The History of Creation and Problems of Development

  Research Article

  

  Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 2

  Author:

  Elena S. Nagornova

  Work direction:

  Ethnography, Ethnology and Anthropology

  Abstract:

  For centuries, many peoples have lived in the Volga region, preserving their cultural traditions and languages. The ten numerous peoples of the region are Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Mordovians, Maris, Ukrainians, Kazakhs, Armenians, Azerbaijanis. Ethnic diversity is continued by the Udmurts, Kalmyks, Komi-Permyaks, Jews, Germans, Tajiks, Uzbeks, etc. The purpose of the article is to systematize the history of the formation of public associations of Tajiks, Uzbeks and Kazakhs in the Volga region. Materials from the media were used as sources: federal laws of the Russian Federation on autonomies, information from the official websites of organizations and scientific research on the relationship of peoples. Based on the method of document analysis, it was revealed that in a multinational region, the formation of the unity of peoples is a fundamental task of the authorities. At the same time, it must be admitted that this process is rather complicated and requires the joint efforts of the state and society. To achieve this goal, the state develops legal documents and targeted programs that contribute to the formation of the principles of mutual respect and harmony in society. For example, «Strategy of the state national policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025», «National security strategy of the Russian Federation (2021). It is concluded that it is necessary to continue the work on the development of public associations in order to further strengthen the national unity of Russia, in particular the Volga region. At present, when society often opposes «us» and «them», such organizations are vital.

  Keywords:

  people, autonomy, state policy, unity of peoples, public organization

  Go 

• The Book Chamber of the Chuvash Republic as the Custodian of the Writing and Ethnic Culture

  Review Article

  

  Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 2

  Author:

  Tikhon S. Sergeev

  Work direction:

  Ethnography, Ethnology and Anthropology

  Abstract:

  The article reveals the history of the creation and main functions of the Book Chamber of the Chuvash Republic (in 2000–2012 – the State Press Archive), which in 2013 became part of the National Library of the Chuvash Republic. The purpose of the article is to reveal the significance of the Book Chamber of the Chuvash Republic as the main center for collecting and storing printed materials about Chuvashia and the Chuvash people, regardless of the place of publication. On the basis of the chronological method, the role of printed materials in the Chuvash language in the preservation of the ethnic culture of the titular people has been studied. It was revealed that the Book Chambers as institutions with a special legal regime existed in 5 points of the Russian Federation: in Moscow, in the republics of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Chuvashia and Karelia. Their funds were used in scientific and publishing developments, preparation of materials for publication and for reprints. At present, the main activities of the Department of the Book Chamber are the acquisition, accounting and preservation of the fund of printed documents; state registration of printed documents in the Chuvash Republic, preparation of state bibliographic and statistical information; information and bibliographic services for users; methodological support of editorial and publishing activities of the mass media, publishing and printing enterprises of the republic; creation of a bibliographic database of articles «Chuvashik»; preparation and publication of the state bibliographic index «Chronicle of the press of the Chuvash Republic».

  Keywords:

  book, state language, press, newspaper, magazine, fund, documents, storage, Book Chamber, State Press Archive, National Library, ethnoculture

  Go 

• Library Management in Chuvashia in the 1920s

  Review Article

  

  Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 2

  Author:

  Ekaterina K. Ivanova

  Work direction:

  Ethnography, Ethnology and Anthropology

  Abstract:

  The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the formation and development of library management of the Chuvash Autonomous Region. The purpose of the article is to consider the state of library management in Chuvashia in the 20s of the twentieth century and the main activities of reading huts and libraries in raising the educational and cultural level of the population in the period under review. The article is written on the basis of a thorough analysis of a wide range of literature on the topic, statistical collections, the study and selection of materials from central and local state archives, most of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. It was revealed that in the years under study, many methods of mass work were developed and tested in practice, which, being improved at subsequent stages in connection with new tasks, have been used and used by libraries to this day: thematic book exhibitions, review evenings, literary evenings, evenings for discussion of new works of fiction, long-term mass campaigns to promote relevant books and libraries among the population, etc. It is concluded that libraries and reading rooms during the period under study gradually gained experience in cultural and educational work: from the mechanical issuance of books, passive service of readers to the search for methods of active work among the masses. By the mid-1920s, libraries and reading rooms began to switch to more organized and planned work.

  Keywords:

  features of the development of library management, reference work, loud readings, meeting evenings, circle work, propaganda campaign

  Go 

• Ethnographic Notes of N. V. Nikolsky on the Chuvash People of the Village of Apanasovo-Temyashi

  Research Article

  

  Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 2

  Author:

  Olga N. Egorova

  Work direction:

  Ethnography, Ethnology and Anthropology

  Abstract:

  The work is devoted to the analysis of ethnographic records of the doctor of historical sciences, professor N. V. Nikolsky about the Chuvashs of the village of Apanasovo-Temyashi, Yalchik district of the Chuvash Republic, stored in the scientific archive of the Chuvash State Institute of the Humanities. The materials of the scientist are valuable historical sources that describe the general picture of the everyday life of the Chuvash village at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. The collection of ethnographic material was carried out by the researcher through participant observation as part of his expedition. A special layer in the fund of N. V. Nikolsky is represented by Chuvash folk songs, which reveal links with modern vocal culture. The work is based on the analysis of archival documents in their relationship with historical events in general and the biography of N. V. Nikolsky in particular. The study aims to introduce newly discovered documents into scientific circulation, as well as song material, which is important from the point of view of folklore. The ethnographic materials of N.V. Nikolsky are important not only for the descendants of the inhabitants of Apanasovo-Temyashi: his work in the study of the history, ethnography, folklore and language of the Chuvash is of national importance.

  Keywords:

  Chuvash ethnography, Chuvash village at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, Chuvash songs

  Go 

• Reflection of Historical Time in Kazakh Documentaries

  Review Article

  

  Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 2

  Author:

  Nazira R. Mukusheva

  Work direction:

  Ethnography, Ethnology and Anthropology

  Abstract:

  The article deals with the unity of the national cultural heritage and historical time in Kazakh documentary films. The purpose of the article is to analyze the features of the use of time in the depiction of the spiritual world, national customs and traditions in the films of documentary film masters OrazAbishev, BakhytGafu-Kaiyrbekov and others. Based on the formal stylistic method, the significance of historical time in documentary films is explored. The author, considering the unity of the national cultural heritage and historical time in the Kazakh documentary, concludes that in the Kazakh documentary film, the reflection of the unity of the national cultural heritage and historical time has gone through several stages of formation, and was closely connected with the social, political phenomena taking place in the country. In conclusion, the stages of the formation of Kazakh documentary cinema are listed from the point of view of reflecting historical time and it is argued that: 1) the first stage is associated with the establishment of Soviet power in Kazakhstan, with the ideology and politics of socialism (1927–1930); 2) the second stage is connected with the reflection of people's memory and history on the documentary film screen in the conditions of the political, social atmosphere of Kazakhstan in the 1960s (1960–1970); 3) the third stage reflects the processes of returning to the origins of national consciousness, people's historical memory (1990–2020).

  Keywords:

  historical time, documentary film, cultural heritage, film character, film director

  Go 

• Literary Translation Into English of Peter Khuzangai’s Poem “The Poet”

  Research Article

  

  Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 2

  Authors:

  Svetlana N. Vasilyeva, Anna V. Gordeeva

  Work direction:

  Languages of the Nations of the World

  Abstract:

  The purpose of the article is to present a literary translation into English of P. Khuzangay’s poem «A Poet» and to make a comprehensive analysis of it. The object of the study is the text of P. Khuzangay’s poem «A Poet» and the literary translation of S. N. Vasilyeva «A Poet». The novelty of the work lies in the fact that a literary translation and a comprehensive analysis of this poem were carried out for the first time. Based on the methods of analytical reading, theoretical analysis of literature, search, contextual analysis, comparative analysis, the language of the work (morphology, syntax, vocabulary, style) is considered and the relationship between the ideological and artistic conception of the poem with its linguistic features is revealed. The methods used in the process of literary translation made it possible to preserve the idea of the poem, the features of the composition and to select the appropriate means of artistic expression. In the work of P. Khuzangay, the philosophical problem of the poet's destiny and his work is touched upon. The composition of the poem is three-part, the size is a three-foot trochee with cross-rhyming throughout the entire poem, the intonation is narrative. The translation was made using the technique of rhetorical exclamation. The temporal organization is interesting: throughout the poem, verbs are transmitted in the present tense. The translation is dominated by complex sentences. As a rule, a stanza corresponds to one sentence. Alliteration and assonance are used to enhance sound expressiveness and achieve speech imagery.

  Keywords:

  Chuvash literature, literary translation, rhythmic pattern, means of expression, sound writing, colour painting

  Go 

• Traditional Rites of the Khanty and Mansi Peoples in the Professional Training of Future Teachers of Visual Arts

  Review Article

  

  Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 2

  Author:

  Irina N. Polynskaya

  Work direction:

  Ethno-Cultural Problems of Education

  Abstract:

  The article is devoted to the problems of professional training of future teachers of fine arts. The purpose of the work is to consider the role and significance of the study by students of the Faculty of Arts and Design of traditional religious rites and holidays of the peoples of the Far North, the Khanty and Mansi. The material for the study was the traditional rites of the peoples of the Khanty and Mansi. Based on the method of theoretical analysis, the pedagogical potential of the traditional rites of the Khanty and Mansi peoples was revealed and the pedagogical conditions for the process of professional training of students – future teachers of fine arts were substantiated. The article describes in detail the traditions associated with hunting, fishing; the most common folk holidays associated with the bear, elk, crow day; national rites – wedding, funeral, rite of birth of a child. Comprehension and understanding of the world are reflected in oral folk art, legends, legends, myths, folklore. The future teacher of fine arts needs to know the traditional way of life of the indigenous people of Ugra, so that in his pedagogical work he can convey artistic and creative experience to schoolchildren. In conclusion, a description of the main pedagogical conditions for preparing students – future teachers of fine arts for professional activities, taking into account national traditions and the ethno-cultural specifics of the region, is given.

  Keywords:

  students, ethnography, folklore, professional training, traditions, customs, fine art, ethno-cultural competencies, Khanty and Mansi peoples, religious rites, way of life, beliefs

  Go