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The Moscow Karaite Community of the Twentieth Century (According to the Memoirs Recorded in the 1990S From the Old-Time Karaites of Moscow)
Review Article
Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 4- Author:
- Sergei S. Mikhailov
- Work direction:
- Ethnography, Ethnology and Anthropology
- Abstract:
- The Karaites are one of the very small, but at the same time the most interesting ethno-confessional groups that appeared in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. in a number of large cities of Central Russia, including Moscow. The purpose of the article is to acquaint readers and the scientific community with the results of a study of the Moscow diaspora of Karaites. When writing this article, the author primarily relied on field materials collected by him since 1993, by recording the memoirs of Moscow Karaites-old-timers. This ethnic group, whose representatives began to move from the middle of the XIX century. from the Crimea and, partly, Lithuania, professes a heretical stream of Judaism, founded in the 8th century. Babylonian Jew Anan ben David. Initially, the Russian (Crimean and Lithuanian) Karaites considered themselves part of the Jewish world, however, due to certain political reasons, they began to move away from Jewish identity, presenting themselves as a separate ethnic group professing an independent religion. The history of the Moscow Karaite diaspora is a very vivid example of such an evolution. Based on the method of field research, it was revealed that within the Karaite society, which numbered only a few hundred people, there were contradictions that did not contribute to unanimity in the diaspora and its religious parish. After 1989 there were no attempts to revive religious life. The activists of the community continued to develop new (in the author’s opinion – incorrect) assumptions regarding the origin of the Karaite people and their faith. At present, the Karaite diaspora, which never exceeded several hundred people in Moscow, is in the final stage of assimilation.
- Keywords:
- religion, tradition, Karaites, Moscow, ethno-confessional group, cemetery
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The Role of the Wedding Ceremony in Hellenistic Macedonia
Review Article Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 4- Author:
- Natalya Y. Sivkina
- Work direction:
- Ethnography, Ethnology and Anthropology
- Abstract:
- The history of the Hellenistic kingdoms remains the subject of many scientific discussions. The question of the peculiarities of the Macedonian monarchy has been widely discussed again in recent years. To solve this problem, they study certain aspects of the political, social and cultural life of the state, which confirms the relevance of the chosen topic. The purpose of this study is to identify the role of the royal wedding ceremony in the politics of the Macedonian rulers. The research is based on narrative and epigraphic sources. The main methods are analysis and synthesis, as well as comparative-historical. The celebration of the royal wedding is designed to demonstrate the power of the dynasty and seal the political union of the two states. However, with regard to Hellenistic Macedonia, these statements should be considered in the context of the reign of Philip II. Although narrative sources have preserved little information, but their comparison allows us to assert that the beginning of such luxurious events was laid by Philip II. At the same time, his own weddings, apparently, were limited to a feast and did not serve as a guarantor of peace and the union of the two states. The changes took place at the wedding of his daughter Cleopatra. Probably, the changes are connected with the new status of the king himself, who became the head of the Corinthian League. Since that time, the marriage ceremonies of the Hellenistic kings have been held on the same scale. Conclusions. In fact, Philip has established a new tradition. Marriage was not a guarantee of non-aggression of new relatives against each other. The pomp of the ceremony, on the one hand, was a demonstration of the power and authority of the dynasty, and on the other hand, it was used to promote a particular political idea.
- Keywords:
- Hellenism, Macedonia, Philip II, Alexander the Great, wedding ceremony
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Composer A. A. Egorov in the History of the Musical Culture of Chuvashia
Review Article Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 4- Author:
- Lyubov I. Bushueva
- Work direction:
- Ethnography, Ethnology and Anthropology
- Abstract:
- The article is devoted to the creative connections of the famous Soviet conductor and composer A.A. Egorov with the musical culture of Chuvashia in the 1930s. The purpose of the work is to recreate the historical picture of these connections, to determine his contribution to the Chuvash art and to identify the characteristic features of the interpretation of the national song folklore. The material of the study was musical texts of works by A.A. Egorov (first of all, the author’s collection «Folk Songs Arranged for Mixed Choir by A. Egorov»), as well as his theoretical and methodological work in the field of choral arrangement of folklore primary sources. Using the analytical method, the author traces the history of the appearance of choral arrangements by A.A. Egorov on the themes of Chuvash folk songs, the musical and poetic text of the most popular work «Kolkhoz uy-khire» («Kukkuk») («Kolkhoz fields» («Kukushka», «Kukuk!”)) is analyzed. It is concluded that the communication of A. A. Egorov with the head of the team the Chuvash composer V. P. Vorobyov inspired him to create ten miniatures for a cappella choir. Among the Chuvash adaptations, the most popular was «Kolkhoz uy-khire» («Kukkuk») – «Collective Farm Fields» («Kukushka»). Her undoubted success in the artistic culture of the 1930s let us explain not only the folklore theme successfully chosen by the composer, the organic interaction of the found methods of arranging the folklore source with the typical features of A. Egorov’s creative style as a whole, but also the masterful use of all musical and expressive resources. Together with other works by A.A. Egorov’s adaptation of «Kolkhoz uy-khire», included in the golden fund of Russian choral literature, can be called a classic of the musical art of Chuvashia.
- Keywords:
- musical folklore, Egorov, Vorobyov, Chuvash State Choir, choral arrangement
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Tasks and Prospects of the Formation of Phonogram Archive of the Udmurt Institute of History, Language and Literature
Short Communication Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 4- Author:
- Denis L. Kornilov
- Work direction:
- World languages and literature
- Abstract:
- The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the formation and systematization of the phonogram archive of the Udmurt Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The purpose of the article is to analyze the history of the formation of funds, the features of digitization of sound media on compact cassettes and reel-to-reel tapes, to identify the current state of the sound laboratory of the Institute as the main academic storage of materials on the spiritual culture of the region. The article analysis condition of the magnetic carriers, the work of the sound laboratory. Importance of timely digitization of magnetic tapes in accordance with international standards is marked. The examples from personal experience are given. Much attention is paid to the results of the British project «Vanishing voices from the Uralic world». Due to the project, modern standards of work have been implemented in laboratory. In conclusion, the author emphasis the necessity of formation of a unified music library of Udmurt records at the Institute as the main base for the preservation of the cultural heritage of the Udmurt Republic.
- Keywords:
- digitalization, phonogram archive, magnetic tape, sound files, systematization, archival collections, unified music library
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The Image of a Bear in the Chuvash Culture
Research Article Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 4- Author:
- Eduard V. Fomin
- Work direction:
- World languages and literature
- Abstract:
- The work is devoted to the study of the image of the bear in the Chuvash linguistic culture and aims to study its properties in the perception of the Chuvash people in a broad ethnographic aspect, including linguistic (etymological, onomastic), as well as folklore approaches. The material of the study was the texts of oral folk art and ethnographic developments containing information about bears. The author also refers to thematic developments in the field of Finno-Ugric studies, since the Finno-Ugric peoples are representatives of the forest culture, which invariably implies a significant participation of bears in their lives. The study is based on traditional methods: scientific understanding of oral folk art and analysis of ethnographic literature. The bear is a popular character in Chuvash folklore. At the same time, it does not have an unambiguous assessment in the Chuvash culture: the bear is an ingenuous creature, as a result of which it loses to a cunning person. At the same time, the Chuvash recognize the bear as a symbol of strength. Analogues in the perception of the bear are more likely to be traced in Russian linguistic culture than in the cultures of the Volga-Kama peoples, many of whom, primarily the Finno-Ugric peoples, recognize the bear as a totem animal. A number of Chuvash texts about bears are nomadic plots.
- Keywords:
- ethnography, folklore, Chuvash language, bear
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Universal Archetypes in the Novel «Alkhalalalai» by the Sami Writer N. Bolshakova
Research Article Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 4- Authors:
- Andrey A. Emashev, Viktoria B. Bakula
- Work direction:
- World languages and literature
- Abstract:
- The literature of the Kola Sami, an indigenous small-numbered people of the Arctic, is still insufficiently researched by literary critics and is little known to the scientific community. The novel «Alkhalalalai» by Nadezhda Bolshakova, a member of the Writers' Union of Russia, is the first novel in the literature of the Kola Sami. The article is devoted to the study of the archetypal basis of the novel. The analysis of universal archetypes of the Great Mother, Virgin, Heavenly Father, Rebirth, etc. is carried out. The methodology of the research consists of works in the field of cultural studies, ethnography, anthropology and psychology; mythology and folklore; literary theory; literary studies of Sami literature. The main methodological principle in the work was the application of C.G. Jung's theory of archetypes, reinterpreted by literary criticism. To solve the research tasks, methods of theoretical analysis of works in the field of anthropology, cultural studies, mythology, folklore, literary studies were used; synthesis of the data obtained; comparative analysis. As a result of the analysis, it was found that in the text of the work, the worldview of the aborigines of the North was reflected, among other things, in the system of universal archetypes, ritual and mytho-folklore elements. Since the novel belongs to ethnic literatures, elements of the archaic worldview of ancient man are strong in it. The literary creativity of the Sami is still influenced by the myths and folklore of the Northern culture.
- Keywords:
- universal archetypes, Sami literature, novel, archetypal images, ethnic literature, archaic worldview
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Personalization and Anonymization of the Place of Death of a Person in an Accident (Using the Example of Federal Highways a 151, P 178, P 241)
Research Article Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 4- Author:
- Mikhail G. Matlin
- Work direction:
- World languages and literature
- Abstract:
- The tradition of marking the places of death in road accidents is now widespread on all continents and in most countries, including Russia. Roadside monuments, which are installed at the same time, are of two types: some correspond to monuments in cemeteries, others do not. Sometimes it is enough for loved ones only to mark the place of death itself. Then a monument is erected, completely or partially devoid of information about the deceased. This phenomenon is called anonymization of the place of death. But for many, it is not the place itself that is important, but the memory of the deceased person. In this case, the monument contains the most detailed information about the deceased, so personalization and individualization are created. It can be embodied with the help of the design features of the monument, photographs or images of the deceased, personal information, epitaphs and objects that are placed on or near the monuments. The article presents data on the uniqueness of personalization and anonymization, obtained as a result of a survey of routes A 151, P 241, P178. It was out that ompletely anonymous memorial signs make up 19% of all sings on the highway P 241, reach – 33% on the highway A 151 and 50% on the highway P 178. It can be assumed that a higher degree of anonymization on the A 151 and P 178 highway is due to special types of memorial signs (a flowerpot on the P 178 highway, a gazebo and a fence without a sign on the A 151 highway), as well as a large number of old metal signs that have lost photos, plates with information about the deceased. There are no clear boundaries between anonymization and personalization, there is a large number of transitional phenomena that can be simultaneously defined as both partial personalization and partial anonymization.
- Keywords:
- tradition, personalization, anonymization, places of death, roadside monument, memorial sign
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Turkic Comparative Studies: Byashim Chariyarov
Short Communication Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 4- Author:
- Myratgeldi Soyegov
- Work direction:
- World languages and literature
- Abstract:
- In this article, in a thesis order, issues related to a life full of events and fruitful research activities, as well as active scientific and organizational work of a prominent Turkmen comparative linguist, Doctor of Philology, Professor, Honored Scientist Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan Byashim Charyyarov, the 100th anniversary of which is widely and solemnly celebrated by the scientific community of the country in the current year 2022. The article provides some important details and significant details from his life. One of the main areas of scientific activity of B. Charyyarov is a systematic description of the facts of the modern Turkmen literary language. He is one of the leading authors and executive editors of the «Grammar of the Turkmen language», which consists of two parts: «Phonetics and morphology» (1970) and «Syntax of a phrase and a simple sentence» (1977). Under the leadership and with the participation of B. Charyyarov, more than ten collections devoted to various issues of the culture of speech of the Turkmen literary language were published. He is one of the compilers and executive editors of the «Russian-Turkmen Dictionary», published first in 1956, and then in two volumes – in 1986 and 1987.
- Keywords:
- Byashim Charyyarov, Turkmen linguist, Turkmen comparative studies, Turkmen literary language, organizer of linguistic research
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The Phenomenon of Bilingualism in Udmurt Literature (on the Example of G. E. Vereshchagin’s Works)
Research Article Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 4- Author:
- Alevtina V. Kamitova
- Work direction:
- World languages and literature
- Abstract:
- The article describes the phenomenon of bilingualism, expressed in Udmurt literature at the origins of its formation. An analytical insight of this phenomenon is undertaken on the example of the works of the first Udmurt writer G. E. Vereshchagin, namely, on one of his poems. The introductory part briefly describes the various possible forms of a writer's bilingualism, one of which is adopted by the author under study. Several hypothetical versions are proposed to explain the reasons for the Udmurt writer's appeal to self-translation. An analysis of his lullaby “Glaucous, glaucous dovelet!” in Udmurt and its translated version in Russian, carried out by G. E. Vereshchagin himself, is provided. In the course of a comparative study, similarities and differences were found. It is summarized that the formation of a bilingual context in Udmurt literature begins with the works of G. E. Vereshchagin. Through the author's translation, his poetic creativity is also presented to the Russian-speaking reader for the first time. It is revealed that in the translated text the poet successfully embodied the national stylistics and figurative expressiveness inherent in the original. The study of the bilingual creativity of G. E. Vereshchagin contributes to the understanding of the bilingual phenomenon of national literature.
- Keywords:
- comparative analysis, translation, artistic bilingualism, Udmurt literature, lullaby, original
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«In Dreams the Soul Travels Everywhere, and Sometimes Back to Our Small Native Land»: the Language of Dreams of Representatives of the Chuvash and Mari Diasporas of the Moscow Region
Research Article Ethnic Culture Volume 4 No 4- Author:
- Marina V. Kutsaeva
- Work direction:
- World languages and literature
- Abstract:
- The article deals with one of the most interesting and fairly unstudied functions of the ethnic language in the conditions of the internal diaspora – the language of dreams. Based on the data of her own field research, the author’s goal is to identify the topics and situations in which the representatives fix their dreams in their ethnic languages. In the present article the author uses the data obtained as a result of the sociolinguistic surveys conducted in two diasporas of the Moscow region: the Chuvash diaspora (the sample was 100 people) in 2014–2017, and in the Mari diaspora (the sample included 106 people) in 2019–2021. Both surveys were devoted to identifying and describing the functioning of the ethnic language, its interaction with the Russian language in the context of the multilingual and multicultural space of the Moscow region. The results, obtained in the surveys, reveal that 27% of respondents in the Chuvash sample and 49% in the Mari in the first generation have dreams in their respective ethnic languages. These dreams are closely correlated, according to the respondents, fluent speakers, with the subject of dreams and are associated with relatives and friends in their small homeland (often with deceased ancestors), with a certain place or event in the small homeland. In addition, dreams in «their» language also come in emotionally loaded situations, for example, in a state of stress. Respondents with a poor command of an ethnic language (natives of urban settings, as well as the majority of second-generation representatives in the sample) practically do not record dreams in their ethnic language. The author concludes that this particular function is deeply connected with some other functions, such as a communicative or a sacred one in addition, it reflects certain linguistic ideologies that are discretely dominant in these linguistic communities.
- Keywords:
- Chuvash language, Moscow region, Mari language, ethnic language, internal diaspora, functions of the language, language of dreams