List of publications on a keyword: «learning»
-
A collective way of teaching mathematics as a means of forming self-control among students of grades 5-6
ProceedingPedagogy, Psychology, Society- Authors:
- Iuliia A. Bondareva, Tatiana K. Smykovskaia
- Work direction:
- Теория и методика обучения и воспитания
- Abstract:
- The article presents an overview of methodological approaches to the formation of self-control among students of grades 5-6 in the study of mathematics. The analysis of the state of this issue showed that in the works of D.B. Elkonin, G.A. Zukerman, V.L. Krutetsky, etc., the importance of self-control within the framework of organizing collective work in the classroom is indicated, and in the works of A.G. Mordkovich, Yu.M. Kolyagin, etc. when studying mathematics. It is proved that one of the means of forming self-control among students of grades 5-6 is a collective way of learning.
- Keywords:
- teaching mathematics, self-control, methods of studying numbers, collective way of learning
-
The possibilities of using mobile technologies in geometry lessons in school
ProceedingPedagogy, Psychology, Society- Authors:
- Alina A. Iakimova, Tatiana K. Smykovskaia
- Work direction:
- Теория и методика обучения и воспитания
- Abstract:
- The article presents the author's model of the use of mobile technologies in the study of geometry in basic school. An overview of online services frequently used in educational practice is given, examples of their use at different stages of mastering the content of the geometry course of the basic school are given.
- Keywords:
- digital educational environment, digital services, mobile technologies, teaching methodiсs, learning geometry
-
Relation of academic difficulties with individual characteristics of students
Book ChapterTheoretical and practical aspects of pedagogy and psychology- Authors:
- Galina A. Glotova, Egor D. Fedotov
- Work direction:
- Глава 4
- Abstract:
- The chapter considers the relationship of students' self-reports on the presence and overcoming of academic difficulties in the process of learning at the university with the motives of learning, self-assessment of emotional and personal well-being and academic performance. The authors' pilot questionnaire aimed at identifying students' academic difficulties and opportunities to overcome them in the educational process at the university, as well as the methods «Diagnostics of Students' Learning Motivation» (Badmaeva, 2004) and «Self-assessment of Emotional and Personal Well-being» (Karapetyan, Glotova, 2020) and self-report of students on their academic performance for the previous semesters were used. The main part of the study was conducted by an online survey in a Google-form on a sample of 75 students of different ages, genders, courses and learning profiles, 40 students participated in the additional part of the study. Data processing was carried out using correlation analysis (according to Spearman). As a result of the study, multiple significant correlations of the academic difficulties with motives of learning, academic performance and emotional and personal well-being of students were obtained; a number of differences in the correlations of academic difficulties with the motives of learning of «activity spectrum» and «social spectrum» were revealed.
- Keywords:
- academic performance, university students, motives of learning, academic difficulties, emotional and personal well-being
-
Theory and practice of mixed learning in the era of digitalization and the development of cognitive independence of students
Book ChapterTheoretical and practical aspects of pedagogy and psychology- Authors:
- Lidiia V. Sidorova, Svetlana E. Salankova, Evgeniia I. Serkova, Angelina V. Mueva
- Work direction:
- Глава 6
- Abstract:
- The chapter of the monograph reveals how modern learning technologies are implemented in the conditions of digital transformation of the education system. The questions of how it is possible to effectively organize training through the use of so-called blended learning (based on the rational integration of the advantages and opportunities of full-time and distance learning formats) are revealed. The evolution of blended learning and its interpretations is considered; the author's definition of blended learning as an educational synergetic technology is given, highlighting its features. The article reveals the experience of implementing blended learning in Bryansk and Kalmyk State Universities (BSU and KalmSU), including using electronic learning systems on the LMS Moodle platform (ESO BSU and SDO «LOTUS» KalmSU) and its correlation with existing models of blended learning. In the conditions of mixed learning, the issues of the development of cognitive independence of students of pedagogical areas of training are considered, the results of a pedagogical experiment are presented, conclusions are formulated.
- Keywords:
- digitalization, self-development, mixed learning, cognitive independence, electronic learning system, ESO
-
SELECTED ISSUES OF DEVELOPING A THEORETICAL MODEL OF AN INTELLIGENT DIGITAL KNOWLEDGE MONITORING SYSTEM
ProceedingThe Topical Issues of the Humanities and Social Sciences: from Theory to Practice- Author:
- Roman I. Kondratov
- Work direction:
- Тенденции развития цифрового образования
- Abstract:
- The article discusses approaches to the development of a mathematical model of digital knowledge monitoring based on a semantic network. The hierarchical structure of training within the framework of the implementation of the state standard is presented. The analysis of the requirements for the semantic network within the framework of the claimed model is carried out. The article also describes approaches to the representation of the learning process in the form of an oriented graph of the development of educational programs.
- Keywords:
- set theory, semantic network, individual educational trajectories, digital knowledge monitoring, intelligent learning systems, oriented graph
-
Образовательная деятельность в СПО с применением электронного обучения
Book ChapterPedagogy and Psychology of Modern Education- Authors:
- Iuliia A. Khlebnikova, Nataliia V. Gafurova
- Work direction:
- Глава 10
- Abstract:
- In recent decades the system of secondary vocational education in Russia has been going through a difficult path. Socio-economic development forecast for the period till 2030 defines priority directions in SPO transformation as the main production driver. Professional organizations of SPE system are undergoing reforming, which has touched such spheres of detail as the content and organization of the educational process; integration of SPE educational organizations; changes in the requirements of educational standards, etc. Significant challenges of our time are the need to update the content of SPE educational programs, the introduction of practice-oriented learning models in cooperation with core enterprises and organizations, updating the list (register) of professions and specialties based on the staffing needs of the regions, digitalization and transformation of different types of work. This publication is dedicated to the analysis of training activity in implementation of educational programs in SPE, including application of e-learning in the conditions of reforming the system of SPE in Russia. Materials and methods. General theoretical methods are used to achieve the goal of the study: analysis of theoretical sources, generalization and systematization of the data obtained; empirical methods: observation. The research materials are historical facts, scientific articles, dissertation studies, data of practitioners and experts, opinions of the leaders of education development in Russia and other authors.
- Keywords:
- e-learning, competence, digitalization of education, secondary vocational education, federal state educational standard
-
Realizatsiia problemnogo obucheniia na urokakh angliiskogo iazyka
Book ChapterPedagogy and Psychology of Modern Education- Authors:
- Roman E. Bulat, Varvara D. Kochmar
- Work direction:
- Глава 11
- Abstract:
- The relevance of the research is due to the objective need for further implementation of the achievements of the theory of problem-based learning in the educational process of secondary school through the development of new, more advanced, technological maps of the English lesson that meet modern conditions and regulatory framework. Based on the analysis of scientific publications, it was revealed that at present there is a lack of practice-oriented methodological recommendations based on the technology of problem-based learning for English lessons in general educational organizations. Studies aimed at introducing problem-based learning in English lessons do not always take into account the specifics of meeting the requirements for the development of the technological map of the lesson, including the provisions of the Federal Educational Program of Basic General Education and the updated requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Basic General Education, which entered into force on September 1, 2022. Therefore, the authors have developed a technological lesson map, which is based on the theory of problem-based learning and includes the most effective components of linguistic and pedagogical models of problem situations. Evaluation of the implementation of the research results according to the methods of E.V. Mukhacheva and L. Michelson proved that the technological map of the English language lesson developed on the basis of problem-based learning in secondary school contributes to the achievement by students of educational results in the academic subject "English" required by the Federal Educational Program of Basic General Education and the Federal State Educational Standard of Basic General Education.
- Keywords:
- educational process, English language, theory of problem-based learning, technological map, basic general education
-
Distantsionnoe obuchenie v sisteme vysshei shkoly: istoriia i sovremennoe sostoianie
ProceedingPedagogy, Psychology, Society- Authors:
- Iuliia A. Koshkarova, Ekaterina V. Chuprakova
- Work direction:
- Цифровая трансформация образования
- Abstract:
- Статья посвящена вопросам развития и современного состояния дистанционного образования в российских вузах. Особое внимание уделено проблемам, достоинствам, недостатками и трендам онлайн-обучения.
- Keywords:
-
VARIABILITY OF DISORDERS IN STUDENTS WITH DYSGRAPHY: LINGUOCOGNITIVE ASPECT
ProceedingPsychological and Pedagogical Support of General, Special and Inclusive Education of Children and Adults- Author:
- Liudmila A. Tishina
- Work direction:
- The essence of psychological security of the individual
- Abstract:
- The variability of writing disorders among students of secondary schools is the most relevant. Specific approaches to correcting such violations in the structure of speech therapy work, with all the variety of methods and techniques of correction, are insufficiently focused on the individualization of those strategic components of development that determine the effectiveness of correctional work.
- Keywords:
- special educational needs, linguistic thinking, writing disorders, students with severe speech disorders, learning difficulties
-
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROVOCATIVE PEDAGOGY TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE FOR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY
Book ChapterModern Challenges of Education and Psychology of Personality Formation- Authors:
- Kseniia V. Kulemina, Olesia V. Fedorova
- Work direction:
- Глава 3
- Abstract:
- The chapter deals with the organization of the educational process in a technical university for master’s students in the discipline «Foreign language in the professional field» with the introduction of technologies of provocative pedagogy; the advantages of using these technologies in order to increase the interest of master’s students in the material being studied, the degree of assimilation of educational material, motivation and their effective interaction and compensation for the lack of a language environment have been revealed. The paper substantiates the need to use these technologies, techniques and teaching aids, depending on the level of foreign language proficiency of students; examples of tasks for the proposed technologies were given and an analysis of the effectiveness of the developed tasks was carried out.
- Keywords:
- problem-based learning, foreign language teaching, technologies of provocative pedagogy, technical university, master’s students, case-study method
-
Contextual tasks in the course "Elementary Mathematics" for future subject teachers
ProceedingThe Development of Modern Education in the Context of Pedagogical Competenciology- Authors:
- Maksim A. Koval, Tatiana K. Smykovskaia
- Work direction:
- Современные подходы в обучении и воспитании
- Abstract:
- The authors generalize approaches to understanding the essential characteristics of the concept of "contextual task", substantiate the role of such tasks for the subject preparation of a future teacher of mathematics. A typology of contextual tasks is given. The article presents examples of contextual tasks in the discipline "Elementary Mathematics" for students studying in the direction of Pedagogical Education profile Mathematics.
- Keywords:
- professional training, contextual task, mathematics teacher, elementary mathematics, learning content
-
Features of the impact of the transition to distance learning during the Covid-19 pandemic on the level of anxiety and the appearance of learning fears in students of younger adolescence
ProceedingTechnopark of universal pedagogical competencies- Author:
- Iuliia V. Semina
- Work direction:
- Развитие психолого-педагогического сопровождения в современном образовании
- Abstract:
- The article is aimed at studying the impact of the transition to distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic on the psycho-emotional state of students of younger adolescence, namely on the level of anxiety and the appearance of specific learning fears. This topic does not lose its relevance to this day, because some schools still use this format, and it is important for adults (teachers and parents) to know and understand the condition of students. The results of the study showed a high level of anxiety of students during the transition to distance learning and such educational fears as the fear of a situation of testing knowledge on camera, the fear of technical failure and other educational fears specific to this format.
- Keywords:
- adaptation, distance learning, pandemic, school anxiety, school fears, younger adolescence
-
The use of Web 2.0 services in organizing the individual educational trajectory of students
ProceedingTechnopark of universal pedagogical competencies- Authors:
- Larisa A. Kolyvanova, Ekaterina V. Dudina, Nadezhda P. Iakovinich
- Work direction:
- Тенденции развития цифрового образования
- Abstract:
- The article reveals the features of the use of Web 2.0 services in the educational process in order to organize the individual educational trajectory of students. This learning path contributes to the disclosure of students' individual abilities and opportunities in the field of mastering educational programs, taking into account their psychophysical characteristics. As a result of the use of Web 2.0 services, students form a certain range of cognitive actions that reveal their individual characteristics of studying a particular subject.
- Keywords:
- motivation, educational process, students, individual learning path, Web 2, 0 services
-
Motivatsionnyi aspekt deiatel'nosti studentov kak subektov ucheniia
Book ChapterPedagogy and Psychology as Sciences for the Formation of the Potential of Modern Society- Authors:
- Galina A. Glotova, Olesia V. Dorofeeva
- Work direction:
- Глава 7
- Abstract:
- One of the manifestations of subjectivity of university students is their involvement in learning, actively studied in foreign and in Russian pedagogy, psychology and sociology of education. Various components of involvement in learning are distinguished, among which there is a motivational component. The purpose of the study was a comparative analysis of two methods for measuring the motivation of learning, based on different theoretical approaches, as well as an analysis of the relationship between academic performance as an effective component of involvement in learning and the motivational component of involvement measured by two different tools. The methods «Diagnostics of the motivation of students' learning» (Badmaeva, 2004), «Scales of academic motivation» (Gordeeva, Sychev, Osin, 2014) were used. In addition, students gave information on academic performance for past semesters. The study, conducted by an online survey in Google form, involved 115 university students aged 18–25 years. Correlation analysis (according to Spearman) and factor analysis were used in the data processing. As a result of the study, multiple significant correlations between scales of motives of the learning of two methods were obtained; in factor analysis, the scales were evenly distributed between the two factors; it was revealed that in each of the methods there are scales significantly correlating with the academic performance of students as an effective component of their involvement in learning; the motives of the learning are considered in relation to the types of activities of students, within which the actions of the learning are implemented.
- Keywords:
- academic performance, university students, involvement in learning, motives of learning, including activity
-
Analiz effektivnosti vnedreniia tsifrovykh tekhnologii v obrazovatel'nyi protsess meditsinskogo vuza
Book ChapterTopical issues of pedagogy and psychology- Authors:
- Oleg V. Sudakov, Dmitrii V. Sudakov, Evgenii V. Belov, Olga I. Gordeeva, Liudmila V. Kretinina
- Work direction:
- Глава 7
- Abstract:
- The chapter is devoted to an attempt to analyze the effectiveness of the introduction of digital technologies in the educational process of a medical university. This topic is very relevant, in view of the fact that at present the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 is still ongoing in the Russian Federation and around the world. Having started locally in China, in a short time the epidemic was able to grow to the size of a pandemic, «swallowing» almost all countries of the world. The governments of the countries began to develop and then implement various innovative methods of combating the unfavorable epidemic situation. One of these aspects was the transfer of the entire educational process to a distance channel. However, the «first wave» of the pandemic was followed by the «second», then the «third», and so on. The educational process has been «stuck» in a remote format for a long time. At present, for many teachers of higher education and scientific researchers, it has become of interest to analyze the effectiveness of the use of modern digital technologies in the educational process, which was the purpose of this work. The objects of the study were 400 people, divided into 2 groups of 200. Group 1 included 200 students of the 3rd and 6th year, divided into 100 people, depending on the course of study. Group 2 included resident doctors, divided into subgroups depending on the profile of training (therapy or surgery). The study was based on an anonymous survey, the task of which was to determine the general attitude to distance and classical education, to identify all the negative and controversial aspects of distance learning, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of distance learning itself and its effectiveness and expediency during an unfavorable epidemic situation. At the final stage, the subjects were asked to evaluate the prospect of introducing digital learning elements into its traditional format. The data obtained are of great interest to teachers of the higher school of a medical university, students and residents involved in the educational process.
- Keywords:
- distance learning, student, Covid-19, effectiveness, score
-
THE LEVEL OF SATISFACTION WITHTHE LEARNING PROCESS QUALITY AMONG INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS
ProceedingPedagogy, Psychology, Society- Author:
- Larisa V. Balakireva
- Work direction:
- Теория и методика профессионального образования
- Abstract:
- Assessment of satisfaction with the quality of university educational activities is made up of the quality of services provided by the individual departments. This article focuses on the analysis of foreign medical students' satisfaction with the quality of teaching the discipline «Russian language in medicine». The anonymous questionnaire method, being the most accessible method of assessment, was used to determine the degree of learning satisfaction. The results of the questionnaire contribute to recommendations for improving the educational process in the department.
- Keywords:
- questionnaire, foreign students, quality of the educational process, result analysis, learning satisfaction
-
Application of digital technologies in inclusive education
ProceedingSocio-Pedagogical Issues of Education and Upbringing- Author:
- Kirill A. Belitskii
- Work direction:
- Тенденции развития цифрового образования
- Abstract:
- Every individual should receive an education. However, there are individuals who need special conditions for work, and this is what inclusive education studies. With the help of digital technologies, it is possible to improve working conditions in an educational institution when working with children with complications. In this article we will consider the main problems of this industry.
- Keywords:
- inclusive education, distance learning, children with disabilities, The younger generation, inclusion, digitalization of automated systems, automation of education
-
Pedagogicheskaia refleksiia i tsifrovaia transformatsiia prepodavatelia meditsinskogo vuza
Book ChapterTheoretical and practical aspects of pedagogy and psychology- Author:
- Viktoriia V. Zaritskaia
- Work direction:
- Глава 7
- Abstract:
- The study was conducted on the basis of the Department of Traumatology with the course of disaster Medicine of the Amur State Medical Academy of the Ministry of Health of Russia. The article discusses the use of interactive forms of learning in teaching the discipline «Life safety», the main functions of pedagogical reflection and digital transformation of modern teachers are given.
- Keywords:
- digitalization of education, life safety, interactive learning, inclusion, electronic information educational environment
-
Otsenka effektivnosti perioda distantsionnogo obucheniia vo vremia pandemii COVID-19, po mneniiu studentov meditsinskogo vuza
Book ChapterTheoretical and practical aspects of pedagogy and psychology- Authors:
- Oleg V. Sudakov, Dmitrii V. Sudakov, Evgenii V. Belov, Olga I. Gordeeva, Liudmila V. Kretinina
- Work direction:
- Глава 13
- Abstract:
- The chapter is devoted to the study of some aspects of the attitude of medical students to the stage of distance and «traditional» – full-time education. The relevance of the study is given by the fact that at present in Russia and around the world the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 has not yet ended, despite a significant decline in the past few months. The objects of the study were 400 people – men and women studying at the Voronezh State Medical University. N.N. Burdenko, divided into 2 groups of 200 people. Group 1 included 200 students, men and women of the 4th year of the medical faculty of VSMU. N.N. Burdenko, who, in fact, spent more than half of their total education at the university in distance learning (continuing partly from spring 2020 to spring 2022). Group 2 consisted of 200 people, men and women, 6 courses of the medical faculty of VSMU. N.N. Burdenko, who, in fact, spent more than half of their total education at the university in the «traditional» – full-time study mode (despite some periods of distance learning due to COVID-19). The study was based on an anonymous questionnaire specially developed by the authors, aimed at studying the gender and age composition of respondents, determining their academic performance, identifying a general attitude to the period of distance and traditional education, with an assessment of the effectiveness of each period (on a 10-point scale). Then, in the questionnaire, the subjects were asked to determine the positive and negative aspects of each stage of education (full-time or distance), as well as to «determine» the transition from distance to full-time learning again and to speak about a possible desire to return the distance learning period to a permanent basis in a comprehensive learning process in medical school. The data obtained are of particular interest not only for scientists and researchers involved in pedagogy and psychology, but also for all higher education teachers involved in the educational process in medical universities.
- Keywords:
- efficiency, distance learning, student, Covid-19, score, lecture material
-
Formirovanie odnorodnykh grupp obuchaiushchikhsia metodom klasternogo analiza s tsel'iu povysheniia effektivnosti protsessa obucheniia
Book ChapterPedagogy and Psychology of Modern Education- Authors:
- Dmitrii S. Sizykh, Natalia V. Sizykh
- Work direction:
- Глава 4
- Abstract:
- An urgent problem is the formation of sufficiently equal groups of students in order to increase the effectiveness of teaching for the qualitative development of educational material. Currently, there is a large selection of tools for multidimensional data analysis, diverse and sufficiently accessible for use by teaching users. However, the description of techniques for understanding the process of multidimensional classification (grouping), currently available, is relatively difficult for teachers without mathematical training. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to present a description of the multidimensional classification process that is sufficiently understandable from a methodological point of view, in particular, the methods of cluster analysis.
- Keywords:
- learning process, group of students, teaching effectiveness
-
Teaching Materials in the Implementation of the Technology «Learning Through Teaching»
Research ArticleDevelopment of education Volume 5 No 4- Authors:
- Elena A. Tolkacheva, Sergei G. Ivanov
- Work direction:
- Discussion
- Abstract:
- Introduction. The methodological support of the educational process is considered from the point of view of the didactic construction of the information environment of education using technical pedagogical tools in the implementation of the pedagogical technology "learning through teaching". To increase the complexity of the teaching content, the effectiveness of combining the "learning through teaching" approach with information technologies is considered proven. The most developed idea of such a combination is the introduction of a "pedagogical agent (comrade)", which carries out communication with the subject area and is an analogue of an expert system. From the point of view of designing an information learning environment, we can talk about using technical tools or their analogs as boundary objects. Horizontal interaction of participants with each other in the implementation of the technology "learning through teaching" generates new boundary objects that can be considered as the basis of methodological support of the educational process. The combination of these two approaches is the theoretical basis of part of the research carried out at the Department of Algorithmic Mathematics of SPBSET "LETI". Results. The role and place of teaching materials in the implementation of the technology "learning through teaching" is presented. The changes in the understanding of the content of teaching are confirmed not only in direct active "teaching", but also in the preparation of teaching materials.
- Keywords:
- teaching mathematics, learning through teaching, teaching materials, learning companion, horizontal linkages, boundary object, learning information environment
-
UNFAVORABLE EDUCATIONAL CLIMATE: LEARNING SAFETY
ProceedingPsychologically Safe Educational Environment: Design Problems and Development Prospects- Author:
- Nikita I. Spiridonov
- Work direction:
- Well-Being and Security of a Person in Contemporary Educational Environment
- Abstract:
- An unfavorable educational climate can affect the psyche and state of the student from the negative side. This will contribute to his poor academic performance, low digestibility of information and negative behavior. In any educational institution, the learning environment should be favorable so that students feel comfortable in the environment. In this article, we will consider the concept of an unfavorable educational climate, its causes and the safety of education.
- Keywords:
- educational process, student, Psychological state of the student, psyche, psychologically safe learning environment, unfavorable educational climate, learning safety
-
Application of digital technologies for monitoring the psychological state of students of the machine-building complex
ProceedingPsychologically Safe Educational Environment: Design Problems and Development Prospects- Author:
- Elizaveta V. Bushueva
- Work direction:
- Well-Being and Security of a Person in Contemporary Educational Environment
- Abstract:
- It is necessary to maintain the psychological state of students for good functionality of the entire educational system. To do this, it is necessary to conduct intermediate monitoring of the psychological state of students of the machine-building complex. With the use of modern digital technologies, this work has become much easier and more efficient. In this article, we will consider the practical implementation of monitoring the psychological state of students of the machine-building complex.
- Keywords:
- educational process, Mechanical engineering, student, Psychological state of the student, psyche, psychologically safe learning environment, machine-building complex
-
GOOD STUDENT HEALTH IS THE KEY TO IMPROVED EDUCATION
ProceedingPsychologically Safe Educational Environment: Design Problems and Development Prospects- Author:
- Svetlana F. Barannik
- Work direction:
- Well-Being and Security of a Person in Contemporary Educational Environment
- Abstract:
- The health and well-being of students and the improvement of the quality of education are directly related to each other. Health-saving technologies are being introduced into educational institutions more and more often. With the help of digital technologies and other measures to improve the health of students, there will be a leap in the quality of education. In this article, we consider the problem of the relationship between children's health and the development of education.
- Keywords:
- educational process, quality of education, student, Psychological state of the student, psyche, psychologically safe learning environment, health of students
-
Imperative Model of Use Information Technologies for Development of Students’ Personal Potential in the Process of University Education
ProceedingPsychologically Safe Educational Environment: Design Problems and Development Prospects- Authors:
- Elena N. Shutenko, Andrey I. Shutenko
- Work direction:
- Risks and Resources of Provision of Psychological Security of Students in Educational Environment
- Abstract:
- In the model proposed in the article presents a psychological-pedagogical construct of information technologies introduction in university training. The construct is aimed at implementing the principles of using these technologies (targeting, accessibility, redundancy, diversity, dialogueness, sensitivity, synergy, updateability, systematicity, scientificity, etc.), adherence to which makes it possible to deploy a full-fledged educational communications that ensure the development of students' personal potential.
- Keywords:
- personal potential, students, information technologies, university training, principles of digitalized learning, educational communications